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دانلود پایان نامه ارشد رشته زبان انگلیسی : دیدگاه مدرسان و زبانآموزان ایرانی نسبت به کتاب های اینترچنج، انگلیش ریزالت، تاپ ناچ و توتال انگلیش در سطح متوسط

تحقیق حاضر، چهار کتاب متداول آموزش زبان انگلیسی در موسسات زبان انگلیسی ایران ( انگلیش ریزالت، توتال انگلیش، تاپ ناچ و اینترچنج ) را از دیدگاه مدرسان و زبان آموزان ارزیابی و مقایسه نموده است. 366 زبان آموز و 76 مدرس زبان انگلیسی که به طور تصادفی از موسسات زبان استان های گیلان و مازندران انتخاب شده بودند، در این تحقیق مشارکت نمودند. 212 نفر از زبان آموزان و 35 نفر از مدرسان را مردان و 154 نفر از زبان آموزان و 41 نفر از مدرسان را زنان تشکیل می دادند. بازه تجربه تدریس کتاب مورد نظر توسط مدرسان بین دو تا شش سال و بازه تجربه استفاده زبان آموزان از کتاب مورد نظر بین یک تا سه سال بوده است. جمع آوری داده ها به وسیله پرسشنامه کانینگ ورث (1995) که اصلاحاتی در آن انجام شد و همچنین به وسیله مصاحبه با 25 درصد زبان آموزان و 10 درصد مدرسان شرکت کننده در این تحقیق انجام گردید. تجزیه و تحلیل اطلاعات نشان داد که نقاط قوت کتاب اینترچنج از دیدگاه مدرسان، محتوا و فرهنگ و از دیدگاه زبان آموزان، جلوه های بصری بوده است. بعلاوه، عدم توجه کافی به مهارت های مطالعه و محتوای آموزشی پشتیبان از دیدگاه مدرسان و عدم توجه کافی به آموزش واژگان، مهارت های زبانی، شیوه های آموزش، مهارت های مطالعه، آزمون و تمرین، به عنوان نقاط ضعف از دیدگاه زبان آموزان محسوب گردید. در مورد کتاب انگلیش ریزالت، نقاط قوت از دیدگاه مدرسان شامل شیوه های آموزش، جلوه های بصری و فرهنگ و از دیدگاه زبان آموزان شامل دستور و جلوه های بصری بوده است. علاوه بر این نقاط ضعف کتاب از دیدگاه مدرسان و زبان آموزان، عدم توجه کافی به آموزش واژگان و آموزش تلفظ بوده است. در رابطه با کتاب تاپ ناچ مدرسان اعتقاد داشتند که نقاط قوت کتاب، دستور، جلوه های بصری، محتوای آموزشی پشتیبان و فرهنگ و از دیدگاه زبان آموزان محتوا، دستور، آموزش تلفظ و جلوه های بصری بوده است. در مورد کتاب توتال انگلیش، بخش فرهنگ از دیدگاه مدرسان و جلوه های بصری، آزمون و تمرین از دیدگاه زبان آموزان به عنوان نقاط قوت شناخته شد. در حالیکه تنها نقطه ضعف این کتاب از دیدگاه زبان آموزان عدم توجه کافی به آموزش تلفظ بوده است.

واژگان کلیدی: کتاب آموزش زبان، پرسشنامه، ارزیابی محتوای آموزشی، زبان انگلیسی به عنوان زبان خارجی

Table of contents

Abstract. 1

Chapter one: Introduction.. 2

1.0 Preliminaries. 2

1.1 Statement of the problem.. 4

1.2 Significance of the Study. 6

1.3 Objectives of the study. 7

1.4 Research Questions/Hypotheses. 7

1.5 Definition of Key Terms. 8

1.5.1 Coursebook. 8

1.5.2 Evaluation. 8

1.5.3 Material Evaluation. 8

1.5.4 Checklist 9

1.6Outline of the Study. 9

Chapter two:Literature review… 10

2.0 Preliminaries. 10

2.1 The role of textbooks in English language teaching. 10

2.2 Evaluating ELT Coursebooks. 13

2.3 Criteria for coursebook evaluation. 17

2.3.1 Checklists. 22

2.4 Studies on coursebook evaluation. 24

Chapter three:Methodology.. 36

3.0 Preliminaries. 36

3.1 Participants. 36

3.2Instruments and Materials. 36

3.2.1 Checklist 37

3.2.1.1 Pilot study. 38

3.2.2 Interchange. 38

3.2.3 Top Notch. 39

3.2.4 English Result 40

3.2.5 Total English. 40

3.3 Data collection procedure. 40

3.4 Data Analysis. 41

Chapter four:Results. 42

4.0 Preliminaries. 42

4.1 Data Analysis and Findings. 42

4.1.1 Analysis of the Questionnaires. 43

4.1.1.1 Content from Teachers’ Perspective. 43

4.1.1.2 Content from Students’ Perspective. 51

4.1.1.3 Grammar from Teachers’ Perspective. 60

4.1.1.4 Grammar from Students’ Perspective. 66

4.1.1.5 Vocabulary from Teachers’ Perspective. 72

4.1.1.6 Vocabulary from Students’ Perspective. 76

4.1.1.7 Phonology from Teachers’ Perspective. 80

4.1.1.8 Phonology from Students’ Perspective. 84

4.1.1.9 Language Skills from Teachers’ Perspective. 88

4.1.1.10 Language Skills from Students’ Perspective. 93

4.1.1.11 Methodology from Teachers’ Perspective. 99

4.1.1.12 Methodology from Students’ Perspective. 104

4.1.1.13 Study Skills from Teachers’ Perspective. 110

4.1.1.14 Study Skills from Students’ Perspective. 116

4.1.1.15 Visuals from Teachers’ Perspective. 124

4.1.1.16 Visuals from Students’ Perspective. 129

4.1.1.17 Practice and Testing from Teachers’ Perspective. 134

4.1.1.18 Practice and Testing from Students’ Perspective. 140

4.1.1.19 Supplementary Material from Teachers’ Perspective. 146

4.1.1.20 Objectives from Teachers’ Perspective. 150

4.1.1.21 Content Selection from Teachers’ Perspective. 156

4.1.1.22 Gradation from Teachers’ Perspective. 160

4.1.1.23 Culture from Teachers’ Perspective. 163

4.1.2 Analysis of the Interviews. 178

Chapter five:Discussion.. 181

5.0 Preliminaries. 181

5.1 General Discussion. 181

5.1.1 Research Question 1. 181

5.1.2 Research Question 2. 186

5.1.2.1 Strengths of Interchange from Students’ Perspective. 187

5.1.2.2 Weaknesses of Interchange from Students’ Perspective. 187

5.1.2.3 Strengths of Interchange from Teachers’ Perspective. 188

5.1.2.4 Weaknesses of Interchange from Teachers’ Perspective. 189

5.1.2.5 Strengths of English Result from Students’ Perspective. 189

5.1.2.6 Weaknesses of English Result from Students’ Perspective. 190

5.1.2.7 Strengths of English Result from Teachers’ Perspective. 190

5.1.2.8 Weaknesses of English Result from Teachers’ Perspective. 190

5.1.2.9 Strengths of Top Notch from Students’ Perspective. 191

5.1.2.10 Strengths of Top Notch from Teachers’ Perspective. 192

5.1.2.11 Strengths of Total English from Students’ Perspective. 192

5.1.2.12 Weaknesses of Total English from Students’ Perspective. 193

5.1.2.13 Strengths of Total English from Teachers’ Perspective. 193

5.2 Implications of the Study. 193

5.3 Limitations of the Study. 194

5.4 Suggestions for Further Research. 194

5.5 Summery. 195

Reference. 196

Appendices 203

Appendix A.. 203

Appendix B.. 209

List of Tables

Table Page

4.66 Result of the descriptive statistics, percentage and Chi-square of the teachers’ responses related to practice and testing in the case of English Result coursebook…136

4.68 Result of the descriptive statistics, percentage and Chi-square of the teachers’ responses related to practice and testing in the case of Total English coursebook….139

4.70 Result of the descriptive statistics, percentage and Chi-square of the students’ responses related to practice and testing in the case of English Result coursebook..142

4.73 Result of the descriptive statistics, percentage and Chi-square of the teachers’ responses related to supplementary material in the case of Interchange coursebook.146

4.75 Result of the descriptive statistics, percentage and Chi-square of the teachers’ responses related to supplementary material in the case of Top Notch coursebook..148

4.82 Result of the descriptive statistics, percentage and Chi-square of the teachers’ responses related to content selection in the case of English Result coursebook….157

Abstract

The present study sought to evaluate and compare four popular English coursebooks (English Result, Total English, Top Notch and Interchange series) used in Iran’s language institutes from teachers’ and students’ point of view. Three-hundred and sixty-six students and 76 teachers, who were selected randomly from the language institutes of Guilan and Mazandaran provinces, participated in this study. Two-hundred and twelve of the students and 35 of the teachers were male and 154 of the students and 41 of the teachers were female. The range of teachers’ experience of teaching the coursebook was between 2-6 years and the range of students’ experience of studying the coursebook was between 1-3 years. Data were gathered through modified version of Cunningsworth’s (1995) checklist as well as interviews with 25 percent of the teachers and 10 percent of the students. Data analysis indicated that the strengths of Interchange from the teachers’ perspective are content and culture categories and from the students’ point of view are visuals. In addition, the coursebook’s weaknesses from the teachers’ perspective are reported to be insufficient study skills and supplementary materials and from the students’ point of view are lack of due attention to vocabulary, language skills, methodology, study skills, and practice and testing. In the case of English Result, the strengths from teachers’ perspective are methodology, visuals and culture and from students’ view are grammar and visuals. Moreover, the coursebook’s weaknesses from both teachers’ and students’ perspectives are reported to be lack of due attention to vocabulary and phonology. Regarding Top Notch, teachers believed that the strengths of the coursebook are grammar, visuals, supplementary materials and culture categories and from students’ point of view are content, grammar, phonology and visuals categories. In terms of Total English, culture is considered the strength of the coursebook from teachers’ perspective and visuals as well as practice and testing from students’ point of view. Moreover, from students’ perspective, the primary shortcoming of the coursebook is considered to be phonology. The findings have several implications for language teachers, students, and syllabus designers.

Key words: Coursebook, checklist, evaluation, EFL

Chapter One:

Introduction

1.0 Introduction

In the process of language teaching and learning, several components are involved in such as the learners, the teachers, the environment in which the learning event is taking place, the purpose of learning, and more importantly the textbooks since they undoubtedly specify the main part of the teaching in the classroom and out-of-class learning of the students. Hutchinson and Torres (1994) state no teaching-learning situation is complete without adopting its appropriate textbook. Materials and textbooks serve as one of the main instruments for shaping knowledge, attitudes, and principles of the students (Nooreen & Arshad, 2010).

Today, coursebooks are of vital significance to educational practices all over the world since they serveas the means of transferring knowledge between teachers and students. In addition, they are considered as the basis formuch ofthe language input and the language practice which learners receive in the classroom. As Richards (2001) states, for learners the textbook might provide the main source of contact they maintain with the language. Litz (2005) asserts that whether one believes textbooks are too inflexible and biased to be used directly as instructional material, there can be no denying that they are still the most valuable element in educational systems. Garinger (2002) believes that a textbook can serve different purposes for teachers: as a core resource, as a source of supplemental material, as an inspiration for classroom activities, even as the curriculum itself.

Various authors have given various merits of textbooks. In spite of their various limitations, textbooks are very useful tools in the hand of a teacher. Richards (2001, pp. 1-2) lists the following principal advantages of using textbooks:

They provide structure and syllabus for a program.

They help standardize instruction.

They maintain quality.

They provide a variety of learning resources.

They are efficient.

They can provide effective language models and input.

They can train teachers.

They are visually appealing.

A relatively new trend in the field of English language teaching (ELT), coursebook evaluation has attracted many language scholars’ and curriculum developers’ attention. Coursebooks have to be evaluated, since they are the basic materials in the learning process. The aim of textbook evaluation was to develop checklists based on which a book could be analyzed in detail in order to assure its usefulness and practicality with such factors as proficiency level of students, learners’ needs, course objectives, gender, and many other contextual factors. (Najafi Sarem, Hamidi, & Mahmoudie, 2013)

پایان نامه ارشد: بررسی میزان انطباق واژه های نمایه ای پایان نامه ها و طرح های تحقیقاتی دانشگاه علوم پزشکی

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نویسی و نمایه سازی است که فرایند سازماندهی، ذخیره و بازیابی اطلاعات را تسهیل نموده، سرعت می بخشد. (فتاحی، 79)

ارزیابی کیفیت نمایه سازی همیشه نقش مهمی در پیشرفت و توسعه نظام های اطلاع رسانی داشته است. این ارزیابی معیاری برای اقتصادی بودن نظام اطلاع رسانی است. اگر این ارزیابی در مراحل اولیه ایجاد یک نظام اطلاع رسانی انجام شود بسیار مفید و اقتصادی است، زیرا در دراز مدت تجدید نظر در چنین امری بسیار مشکل و هزینه بر است. بنابراین معیارهای ارزیابی مطمئنی باید تهیه کرد و در همان ابتدای کار، نظام را از نظر نمایه سازی ارزیابی کرد. (فاگمن، 1374)

علاوه بر این در چند دهه اخیر نظام های ذخیره و بازیابی اطلاعات برای از میان برداشتن نارسایی ها و معایب موجود در واژگان طبیعی اقدام

به کنترل واژگان یا مستندسازی نموده اند. نقش کنترل واژگان به هنگام ذخیره اطلاعات، انطباق واژه های در نظر گرفته شده با استانداردهاست که به منظور فهم روابط موجود میان واژه ها و یکسان سازی آنها صورت می گیرد. (فتاحی، 79)

در دانشگاه های مختلف کشور هر ساله اطلاعات بسیاری در قالبهای مختلف از جمله پایان نامه ها و طرح های تحقیقاتی تولید می شود. این منابع از نظر ماهیت پژوهشی و بکر بودن ارزش اطلاعاتی زیادی دارند که به منظور دسترس پذیر ساختن هر چه بیشتر آنها، این دسته از منابع اطلاعاتی در انواع مختلف بانکهای اطلاعاتی، نمایه شده و مورد استفاده کاربران قرار می گیرد. از آنجا که نمایه و نمایه سازی در بازیابی اطلاعات از اهمیت چشمگیری برخوردار است، توجه به کیفیت و ارزیابی آن و ارائه معیارها و استانداردها، همواره مورد توجه محققان این حوزه بوده است. هدف از نمایه سازی، تسهیل در بازیابی رکوردها یا مدارک است. اصولاً پیشرفت امور آموزشی، فرهنگی و اقتصادی، بدون نمایه سازی صحیح اطلاعات غیرممکن است و هر نظام اطلاع رسانی بدون وجود نمایه ای مناسب، با شکست روبرو می شود. از این رو اهمیت ارزیابی آن آشکار می شود.

بیان مسأله

با توجه به کاربرد وسیع نمایه سازی در فعالیت های پژوهشی و نقش آن در بازیابی اطلاعات، مستند بودن آن عنصری لازم و ضروری است که در صورت عدم مستندسازی واژه های نمایه ای، مشکلات بسیاری در بازیابی اطلاعات وجود خواهد داشت.

مستندسازی نمایه ها فواید بسیاری دارد از آن جمله می توان به : ایجاد نظم در آنچه می تواند در وضعیت دیگری هرج و مرج تلقی شود، تضمین ثبات، رسیدن به درجه قابل قبولی از تعالی و ارتقاء خدمات مؤثر اشاره کرد. تمایل به بهبود کیفیت به تنهایی موجب ایجاد نظم نمی شود، بلکه احساس ضرورت و شناخت نیازها نیز در ایجاد و بکارگیری مستندها حائز اهمیت است. مستندکردن نمایه ها، هزینه ها را کاهش می دهد و اجرای آن می تواند از دوباره کاری ها بکاهد. برای مثال نمایه سازی مدارک اگر مستند شود می تواند یک بار انجام شده و کار هماهنگی میان مراکز مختلف را تسهیل کند. همچنین مستندسازی نمایه ها باعث ثبات و سازگاری در استفاده از نظام های واژگانی می شود. اگر مستندسازی در نظام نمایه سازی رعایت شود و استفاده کنندگان از نمایه ها با این مستندها آشنا شوند، مشکلات جستجو و بازیابی آنها کاهش می یابد. از دیدگاه نظری مقایسه نمایه ها با مستندهای منتشرشده، بهترین راه ارزیابی آنهاست. (تیموری خانی، 84)

p: 5px; margin-bottom: 5px; font-size: 20px; letter-spacing: 0px !important;">عنوان : پایان نامه رشته زبان انگلیسی:بکارگیری رویکرد تحلیل انتقادی گفتمان به منظور نشان دادن فرهنگ و تفکرات حاکم بر متون سیاسی ترجمه شده- بررسی موردی ترجمه کتاب سرکوب امید نوشته ویلیام بلوم ترجمه عبدالرضا هوشنگ مهدوی و کتاب همه مردان شاه نوشته استیون کینزر ترجمه شهریار خواجیان</h2></form><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-bottom: 10px; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: Yekan, Tahoma, Verdana, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: medium; text-align: start; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-bottom: 10px; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: Yekan, Tahoma, Verdana, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: medium; text-align: start; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-bottom: 10px; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: Yekan, Tahoma, Verdana, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: medium; text-align: start; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"> <p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-bottom: 10px; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: Yekan, Tahoma, Verdana, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: medium; text-align: start; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><h2 style="box-sizing: border-box; font-family: Yekan, Tahoma, Verdana, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-weight: 500; line-height: 1.1; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); margin-top: 5px; margin-bottom: 5px; font-size: 20px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); text-align: center;">دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی</h2><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-bottom: 10px; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: Yekan, Tahoma, Verdana, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: medium; text-align: start; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><h2 style="box-sizing: border-box; font-family: Yekan, Tahoma, Verdana, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-weight: 500; line-height: 1.1; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); margin-top: 5px; margin-bottom: 5px; font-size: 20px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); text-align: center;">واحد تهران مرکزی</h2><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-bottom: 10px; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: Yekan, Tahoma, Verdana, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: medium; text-align: start; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><h2 style="box-sizing: border-box; font-family: Yekan, Tahoma, Verdana, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-weight: 500; line-height: 1.1; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); margin-top: 5px; margin-bottom: 5px; font-size: 20px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); text-align: center;">دانشکدهی زبانهای خارجی- گروه زبان انگلیسی</h2><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-bottom: 10px; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: Yekan, Tahoma, Verdana, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: medium; text-align: start; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><h2 style="box-sizing: border-box; font-family: Yekan, Tahoma, Verdana, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-weight: 500; line-height: 1.1; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); margin-top: 5px; margin-bottom: 5px; font-size: 20px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); text-align: center;">پایان نامه برای دریافت درجه کارشناسی ارشد (M.A)</h2><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-bottom: 10px; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: Yekan, Tahoma, Verdana, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: medium; text-align: start; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><h2 style="box-sizing: border-box; font-family: Yekan, Tahoma, Verdana, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-weight: 500; line-height: 1.1; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); margin-top: 5px; margin-bottom: 5px; font-size: 20px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); text-align: center;">گرایش: مترجمی</h2><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-bottom: 10px; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: Yekan, Tahoma, Verdana, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: medium; text-align: start; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><h2 style="box-sizing: border-box; font-family: Yekan, Tahoma, Verdana, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-weight: 500; line-height: 1.1; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); margin-top: 5px; margin-bottom: 5px; font-size: 20px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); text-align: center;"></h2><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-bottom: 10px; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: Yekan, Tahoma, Verdana, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: medium; text-align: start; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><h2 style="box-sizing: border-box; font-family: Yekan, Tahoma, Verdana, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-weight: 500; line-height: 1.1; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); margin-top: 5px; margin-bottom: 5px; font-size: 20px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); text-align: center;">عنوان:</h2><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-bottom: 10px; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: Yekan, Tahoma, Verdana, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: medium; text-align: start; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><h2 style="box-sizing: border-box; font-family: Yekan, Tahoma, Verdana, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-weight: 500; line-height: 1.1; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); margin-top: 5px; margin-bottom: 5px; font-size: 20px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); text-align: center;">بکارگیری رویکرد تحلیل انتقادی گفتمان به منظور نشان دادن فرهنگ و تفکرات حاکم بر متون سیاسی ترجمه شده- بررسی موردی ترجمه کتاب سرکوب امید نوشته ویلیام بلوم ترجمه عبدالرضا هوشنگ مهدوی و کتاب همه مردان شاه نوشته استیون کینزر ترجمه شهریار خواجیان</h2><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-bottom: 10px; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: Yekan, Tahoma, Verdana, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: medium; text-align: start; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><h2 style="box-sizing: border-box; font-family: Yekan, Tahoma, Verdana, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-weight: 500; line-height: 1.1; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); margin-top: 5px; margin-bottom: 5px; font-size: 20px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); text-align: center;"></h2><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-bottom: 10px; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: Yekan, Tahoma, Verdana, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: medium; text-align: start; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><h2 style="box-sizing: border-box; font-family: Yekan, Tahoma, Verdana, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-weight: 500; line-height: 1.1; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); margin-top: 5px; margin-bottom: 5px; font-size: 20px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); text-align: center;">استاد راهنما:</h2><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-bottom: 10px; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: Yekan, Tahoma, Verdana, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: medium; text-align: start; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><h2 style="box-sizing: border-box; font-family: Yekan, Tahoma, Verdana, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-weight: 500; line-height: 1.1; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); margin-top: 5px; margin-bottom: 5px; font-size: 20px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); text-align: center;">دکتر هاجر خانمحمد</h2><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-bottom: 10px; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: Yekan, Tahoma, Verdana, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: medium; text-align: start; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><h2 style="box-sizing: border-box; font-family: Yekan, Tahoma, Verdana, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-weight: 500; line-height: 1.1; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); margin-top: 5px; margin-bottom: 5px; font-size: 20px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); text-align: center;">استاد مشاور:</h2><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-bottom: 10px; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: Yekan, Tahoma, Verdana, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: medium; text-align: start; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><h2 style="box-sizing: border-box; font-family: Yekan, Tahoma, Verdana, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-weight: 500; line-height: 1.1; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); margin-top: 5px; margin-bottom: 5px; font-size: 20px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); text-align: center;">دکتر مسعود مطهری</h2><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-bottom: 10px; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: Yekan, Tahoma, Verdana, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: medium; text-align: start; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><h2 style="box-sizing: border-box; font-family: Yekan, Tahoma, Verdana, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-weight: 500; line-height: 1.1; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); margin-top: 5px; margin-bottom: 5px; font-size: 20px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); text-align: center;"></h2><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-bottom: 10px; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: Yekan, Tahoma, Verdana, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: medium; text-align: start; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><h2 style="box-sizing: border-box; font-family: Yekan, Tahoma, Verdana, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-weight: 500; line-height: 1.1; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); margin-top: 5px; margin-bottom: 5px; font-size: 20px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); text-align: center;">تابستان 1392</h2><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-bottom: 10px; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: Yekan, Tahoma, Verdana, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: medium; text-align: start; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-bottom: 10px; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: Yekan, Tahoma, Verdana, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: medium; text-align: start; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-bottom: 10px; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: Yekan, Tahoma, Verdana, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: medium; text-align: start; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-bottom: 10px; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: Yekan, Tahoma, Verdana, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: medium; text-align: start; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">(در فایل دانلودی نام نویسنده موجود است)<p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-bottom: 10px; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: Yekan, Tahoma, Verdana, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: medium; text-align: start; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-bottom: 10px; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: Yekan, Tahoma, Verdana, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: medium; text-align: start; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">تکه هایی از متن پایان نامه به عنوان نمونه :<p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-bottom: 10px; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: Yekan, Tahoma, Verdana, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: medium; text-align: start; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-bottom: 10px; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: Yekan, Tahoma, Verdana, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: medium; text-align: start; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">(ممکن است هنگام انتقال از فایل اصلی به داخل سایت بعضی متون به هم بریزد یا بعضی نمادها و اشکال درج نشود ولی در فایل دانلودی همه چیز مرتب و کامل است)<p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-bottom: 10px; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: Yekan, Tahoma, Verdana, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: medium; text-align: start; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-bottom: 10px; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: Yekan, Tahoma, Verdana, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: medium; text-align: start; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Abstract<p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-bottom: 10px; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: Yekan, Tahoma, Verdana, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: medium; text-align: start; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-bottom: 10px; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: Yekan, Tahoma, Verdana, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: medium; text-align: start; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Translation, as a social and linguistic phenomenon, had been investigated from various viewpoints by scholars with different backgrounds. This research aims at investigating the ideological impacts of the process of translation and its consequences on the representation of ideologies and cultures. In pursuing this goal, Critical Discourse Analysis (CDA) was found to be an accommodating tool. The theoretical structure of this research is based upon Fairclough’s framework (1989, 1995) which is employed by Dr. Farahzad in Translation Criticism (2007). The corpus used for analysis in this research consists of two books and their corresponding Persian translations: the first book is Killing Hope: US Military and CIA Interventions since World War ΙΙ by William Blum (2003) translated by Abdorreza Houshang Mahdavi as ” . “سرکوب امید، دخالتهای نظامی آمریکا و <a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%87%E2%80%8C%DA%A9%D9%86%D9%86%D8%AF%D9%87_%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%B2%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86_%D8%A7%D8%B7%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%B9%D8%A7%D8%AA_%D9%85%D8%B1%DA%A9%D8%B2%DB%8C” title="سازمان سیا” style="box-sizing: border-box; background-color: transparent; color: rgb(51, 122, 183); text-decoration-line: none; transition: all 0.2s ease 0s;">سازمان سیا</a> از جنگ جهانی دوم به بعد”  The second book is All the Shah’s Men by Stephen Kinzer (2003) translated by Shahryar Khavvajian and entitled “”همه مردان شاه، کودتای آمریکایی 28 مرداد و ریشه های ترور در خاور میانه. Examining both texts and their translations from two perspectives of microlevel and macrolevel in chapter 4 illuminated the fact that both translators employed different devices to change the ideological positioning of the source texts and deviate the readers from the route they might have taken through reading the ST toward the one they presumed it was more ideologically efficient regarding the community the books were translated for.<p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-bottom: 10px; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: Yekan, Tahoma, Verdana, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: medium; text-align: start; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-bottom: 10px; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: Yekan, Tahoma, Verdana, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: medium; text-align: start; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"> <p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-bottom: 10px; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: Yekan, Tahoma, Verdana, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: medium; text-align: start; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-bottom: 10px; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: Yekan, Tahoma, Verdana, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: medium; text-align: start; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">  <p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-bottom: 10px; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: Yekan, Tahoma, Verdana, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: medium; text-align: start; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-bottom: 10px; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: Yekan, Tahoma, Verdana, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: medium; text-align: start; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"> <p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-bottom: 10px; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: Yekan, Tahoma, Verdana, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: medium; text-align: start; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-bottom: 10px; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: Yekan, Tahoma, Verdana, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: medium; text-align: start; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">TABLE OF CONTENT<p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-bottom: 10px; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: Yekan, Tahoma, Verdana, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: medium; text-align: start; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-bottom: 10px; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: Yekan, Tahoma, Verdana, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: medium; text-align: start; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Introduction<p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-bottom: 10px; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: Yekan, Tahoma, Verdana, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: medium; text-align: start; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><ul style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: Yekan, Tahoma, Verdana, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: medium; text-align: start; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"></ul><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-bottom: 10px; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: Yekan, Tahoma, Verdana, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: medium; text-align: start; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-bottom: 10px; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: Yekan, Tahoma, Verdana, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: medium; text-align: start; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Review of the Related Literature<p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-bottom: 10px; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: Yekan, Tahoma, Verdana, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: medium; text-align: start; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-bottom: 10px; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: Yekan, Tahoma, Verdana, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: medium; text-align: start; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Methodology<p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-bottom: 10px; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: Yekan, Tahoma, Verdana, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: medium; text-align: start; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-bottom: 10px; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: Yekan, Tahoma, Verdana, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: medium; text-align: start; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Results and Discussions<p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-bottom: 10px; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: Yekan, Tahoma, Verdana, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: medium; text-align: start; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><a href="http://pipaf.ir/%d9%be%d8%a7%db%8c%d8%a7%d9%86-%d9%86%d8%a7%d9%85%d9%87-%d8%a7%d8%b1%d8%b4%d8%af-%d8%b1%d8%b4%d8%aa%d9%87-%d8%b2%d8%a8%d8%a7%d9%86-%d8%a7%d9%86%da%af%d9%84%db%8c%d8%b3%db%8c-a-cda-approach-to-the-re/"><img class="alignnone size-full wp-image-587238″ src="http://ziso.ir/wp-content/uploads/2020/10/thesis-paper-22.png” alt="پایان نامه” width="400″ height="175″ /></a> <p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-bottom: 10px; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: Yekan, Tahoma, Verdana, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: medium; text-align: start; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-bottom: 10px; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: Yekan, Tahoma, Verdana, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: medium; text-align: start; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Conclusion<p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-bottom: 10px; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: Yekan, Tahoma, Verdana, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: medium; text-align: start; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-bottom: 10px; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: Yekan, Tahoma, Verdana, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: medium; text-align: start; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"> <p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-bottom: 10px; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: Yekan, Tahoma, Verdana, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: medium; text-align: start; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-bottom: 10px; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: Yekan, Tahoma, Verdana, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: medium; text-align: start; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"> <p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-bottom: 10px; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: Yekan, Tahoma, Verdana, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: medium; text-align: start; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-bottom: 10px; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: Yekan, Tahoma, Verdana, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: medium; text-align: start; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"> <p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-bottom: 10px; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: Yekan, Tahoma, Verdana, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: medium; text-align: start; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-bottom: 10px; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: Yekan, Tahoma, Verdana, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: medium; text-align: start; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">List of Tables and Images<p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-bottom: 10px; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: Yekan, Tahoma, Verdana, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: medium; text-align: start; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-bottom: 10px; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: Yekan, Tahoma, Verdana, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: medium; text-align: start; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Tables:<p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-bottom: 10px; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: Yekan, Tahoma, Verdana, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: medium; text-align: start; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-bottom: 10px; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: Yekan, Tahoma, Verdana, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: medium; text-align: start; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Images<p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-bottom: 10px; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: Yekan, Tahoma, Verdana, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: medium; text-align: start; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-bottom: 10px; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: Yekan, Tahoma, Verdana, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: medium; text-align: start; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"> <p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-bottom: 10px; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: Yekan, Tahoma, Verdana, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: medium; text-align: start; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-bottom: 10px; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: Yekan, Tahoma, Verdana, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: medium; text-align: start; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"> <p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-bottom: 10px; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: Yekan, Tahoma, Verdana, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: medium; text-align: start; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-bottom: 10px; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: Yekan, Tahoma, Verdana, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: medium; text-align: start; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"> <p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-bottom: 10px; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: Yekan, Tahoma, Verdana, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: medium; text-align: start; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-bottom: 10px; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: Yekan, Tahoma, Verdana, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: medium; text-align: start; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"> <p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-bottom: 10px; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: Yekan, Tahoma, Verdana, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: medium; text-align: start; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-bottom: 10px; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: Yekan, Tahoma, Verdana, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: medium; text-align: start; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">List of Abbreviations:<p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-bottom: 10px; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: Yekan, Tahoma, Verdana, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: medium; text-align: start; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-bottom: 10px; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: Yekan, Tahoma, Verdana, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: medium; text-align: start; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">CDA: Critical Discourse Analysis<p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-bottom: 10px; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: Yekan, Tahoma, Verdana, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: medium; text-align: start; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-bottom: 10px; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: Yekan, Tahoma, Verdana, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: medium; text-align: start; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">CL: Critical Linguistics<p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-bottom: 10px; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: Yekan, Tahoma, Verdana, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: medium; text-align: start; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-bottom: 10px; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: Yekan, Tahoma, Verdana, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: medium; text-align: start; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">ST: Source Text<p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-bottom: 10px; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: Yekan, Tahoma, Verdana, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: medium; text-align: start; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-bottom: 10px; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: Yekan, Tahoma, Verdana, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: medium; text-align: start; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">TS: Translation Studies<p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-bottom: 10px; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: Yekan, Tahoma, Verdana, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: medium; text-align: start; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-bottom: 10px; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: Yekan, Tahoma, Verdana, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: medium; text-align: start; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">TT: Target Text<p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-bottom: 10px; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: Yekan, Tahoma, Verdana, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: medium; text-align: start; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-bottom: 10px; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: Yekan, Tahoma, Verdana, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: medium; text-align: start; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"> <p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-bottom: 10px; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: Yekan, Tahoma, Verdana, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: medium; text-align: start; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-bottom: 10px; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: Yekan, Tahoma, Verdana, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: medium; text-align: start; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"> <p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-bottom: 10px; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: Yekan, Tahoma, Verdana, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: medium; text-align: start; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-bottom: 10px; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: Yekan, Tahoma, Verdana, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: medium; text-align: start; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"> <p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-bottom: 10px; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: Yekan, Tahoma, Verdana, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: medium; text-align: start; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-bottom: 10px; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: Yekan, Tahoma, Verdana, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: medium; text-align: start; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"> <p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-bottom: 10px; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: Yekan, Tahoma, Verdana, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: medium; text-align: start; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-bottom: 10px; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: Yekan, Tahoma, Verdana, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: medium; text-align: start; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">CHAPTER I<p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-bottom: 10px; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: Yekan, Tahoma, Verdana, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: medium; text-align: start; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-bottom: 10px; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: Yekan, Tahoma, Verdana, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: medium; text-align: start; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Introduction<p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-bottom: 10px; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: Yekan, Tahoma, Verdana, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: medium; text-align: start; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-bottom: 10px; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: Yekan, Tahoma, Verdana, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: medium; text-align: start; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"> <p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-bottom: 10px; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: Yekan, Tahoma, Verdana, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: medium; text-align: start; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><ul style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: Yekan, Tahoma, Verdana, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: medium; text-align: start; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><li style="box-sizing: border-box;">General Overview</li></ul><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-bottom: 10px; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: Yekan, Tahoma, Verdana, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: medium; text-align: start; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Translation has been practiced from the very beginning of the human history. In Perez’s words “it is as old as human kind”(2003: 10). Translation has also been discussed from various viewpoints such as linguistic, philosophical, social, and many more. The reason is that the act of translation is involved in more than language and it always takes place in the cultural and political systems and in the history.<p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-bottom: 10px; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: Yekan, Tahoma, Verdana, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: medium; text-align: start; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-bottom: 10px; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: Yekan, Tahoma, Verdana, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: medium; text-align: start; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Translation studies (TS) owes its development more than anything else to James S. Holmes whose prominent essay, ”the name and nature of translation studies” , was lectured at the Third International Congress of Applied Linguistics in Copenhagen in 1972 (Monday 2001: 10). Since then many aspects of translation, from linguistic to hermeneutic, to philosophical and political have been continually scrutinized. Although most of the first attempts focused on linguistic aspects as the only way to investigate translation, nowadays there are many more tools at hand for researchers to conduct their investigations on the phenomenon of translation. Critical Discourse Analysis (CDA), which tries ” to read the traces and effects of power in language and discourse, in text and syntax’ (Hodge & Kress, 1993: 153) is one of these tools.<p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-bottom: 10px; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: Yekan, Tahoma, Verdana, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: medium; text-align: start; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-bottom: 10px; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: Yekan, Tahoma, Verdana, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: medium; text-align: start; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Perez reflects the idea of CDA scholars when states ” all language use is ideological” (2003: 4), and since translation, as a linguistic and social phenomenon, is carried out on language use it can be a manifestation of ideological encounters too. It is worth mentioning in passing that Fairclough believes (1995: 7) discourse is defined as language use in social practices. On the other hand, Fawcett (1998) demonstrates that ”translation, simply because of its existence, has always been ideological” (cited in Perez, 2003: 107).<p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-bottom: 10px; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: Yekan, Tahoma, Verdana, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: medium; text-align: start; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-bottom: 10px; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: Yekan, Tahoma, Verdana, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: medium; text-align: start; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Translation has been discussed from social and philosophical viewpoints too. In this regard, translation as a ”representation” of another text and a way through which texts are distributed is in need of more investigation. Simon believes “with the cultural turn in translation studies we can now define translation as the dynamics of culture representation” or “as a tangible representation of a secondary or mediated relationship to reality” (1996: 137). Niranjana, a postcolonial writer, in her seminal book Sitting Translation (1992: 10) argues that colonial forces have used translation as a tool to misrepresent oriental colonized subjects and cultures. This point confirms the profound impact of translation on culture.<p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-bottom: 10px; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: Yekan, Tahoma, Verdana, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: medium; text-align: start; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-bottom: 10px; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: Yekan, Tahoma, Verdana, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: medium; text-align: start; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">1.2 statement of the problem<p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-bottom: 10px; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: Yekan, Tahoma, Verdana, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: medium; text-align: start; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-bottom: 10px; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: Yekan, Tahoma, Verdana, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: medium; text-align: start; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">This research makes use of a method based on Critical Discourse Analysis (CDA) to investigate the effects of the process of translation on representation of source texts and their authors’ ideological position. The present study takes two political works into consideration. The first book under scrutiny is William Blum’s Killing Hope: US Military and CIA Interventions since World War ΙΙ (2003) which is a history book on covert CIA operations and U.S. military interference during the second half of the 20th century. This controversial book is translated by Hushang Mahdavi entitled .”سرکوب امید” This research endeavors to have a microscopic analysis of Blum’s critical vantage points presented in the translated text. In fact, it tries to probe the delineation of his ideas and trace his ideological stands transmitted via language in the present translation. The second part revolves around the close analysis of Stephen Kinzer’s All the Shah’s Men: an American Coup and the Roots of Middle East Terror (2003). Kinzer, an American journalist, discusses the 1953 Iranian coup d’état backed by the U.S. Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) in which Mohammed Mossadegh, Iran’s prime minister was overthrown. This book translated by Shahryar Khavajian being given the title of .”همه مردان شاه”  Setting up these political works as the established corpus of the present study, the researcher uses CDA to investigate the ideological impacts of the process of translation. With recourse to this critical translation approach, the researcher tries to find out how translation changes or modifies the ideological status of translated texts and consequently represents the source texts’ authors and cultures differently.

پایان نامه ارشد رشته زبان انگلیسی : بررسی اختلاط تعلیم و تربیت انتقادی در میان معلمان قبل از خدمت مرد و زن EFL: ارتباط بین سطح مهارت ها و نگرش نسبت به تعلیم و تربیت انتقادی

دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی

واحد بین الملل قشم

پایان نامه برای اخذ درجه کارشناسی ارشد (MA.A)

برای رشته آموزش زبان انگلیسی (TEFL)

بررسی اختلاط تعلیم و تربیت انتقادی در میان معلمان قبل از خدمت مرد و زن EFL: ارتباط بین سطح مهارت ها و نگرش نسبت به تعلیم و تربیت انتقادی

استاد راهنما :

جناب آقای دکتر کربلایی

تابستان 1393

(در فایل دانلودی نام نویسنده موجود است)

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چكیده فارسی:

پژوهش حاضر دست به بررسی اختلاط تعلیم و تربیت انتقادی در میان معلمان مرد و زنقبل از خدمت EFLزد تا از سود درک ارزش کیفیت و منافع ELT در نگرش های انتقادی بهرمند شود. بنابراین، ارتباط سطح مهارت، جنسیت، و نگرش نسبت به آموزش انتقادی برآورد شد. شرکت کنندگان در این مطالعه 120 معلم قبل از خدمت ایرانی بودند. سطوح مهارت تمام شرکت کنندگان مرد و زن با آزمون IELTS سنجدیده شد. جهت مقایسه دو گروه، گروه مرد تشکیل شده بود از 30 تن با نمره ایلتس 6 و 30 مرد با نمره 5 و همینطور گروه زنان تشکیل شده بود از 30 تن با نمره 6 و 30 تن با نمره 5 . پرسشنامه نگرش تعلیم و تربیت انتقادی قابل اعتماد و معتبر استفاده شده است، و آن از طریق یک روش گام به گام با اطمینان با پایایى0.93 توسعه داده شده است. یافته ها نشان داد که تفاوت جنسی می تواند برارتباط نگرش معلمان قبل از خدمت EFL نسبت به آموزش انتقادی تاثیر تاثیر گذار باشد. همچنین، میانگین نگرش تعلیم و تربیت انتقادی در میان گروه مردان بیشتر از گروه زنان است. بنابراین، تفاوت جنس می تواند راه مطالعه یک معلم در فرهنگ و جامعه زبان آموزانش را با توجه به CP تغییر دهد. با این حال، سطح مهارت معلمان تاثیری بر ارتباط با نگرش CP نمی گذارد. همچنین، این قابل توجه است که یک معلم در کلاس درس (در رابطه با (مسئول موضوع و دانش خود از طریق تعامل با فراگیران است، بنابراین اگر این امر درست باشد، بهبود سطح مهارت معلمان قبل از خدمت قابل توجه خواهد بود، اما یافته های حال حاضر بااین ادعا مخالف هستند که، معلمان قبل از خدمت و یا معلم کلاسی (با توجه به نگرش انتقادی تعلیم و تربیت) لازم نیستند که به عنوان مثال به سطح زبان انگلیسی خیلی بالای برای کمک به دانش آموزان خود را در پردازش زبان رسیده باشند.

ABSTRACT

The present studied incorporation of Critical Pedagogy among EFL pre-service teachers to offer advantages for understanding the worth of ELT distinguishing qualities and interests of critical attitudes; therefore, the correlation between proficiency levels, sexes, and attitudes toward critical pedagogy was estimated. The participants in this study were 120 Iranian pre-service teachers. All of the male and female participants’ proficiency levels were tested by IELTS. For the reason of comparing the two groups, Male Group had 30 participants with band score 6 and 30 ones with band score 5, and Female Group had 30 participants with band score 6 and 30 ones with band score 5. A reliable and valid Critical Pedagogy Attitude Questionnaire is used, and it was developed through a step-wise procedure with a reliability of 0.93 (Pishvaei & Kasaian, 2013). Findings presented that sex difference can affect the correlation of EFL pre-service teachers’ attitudes toward critical pedagogy. Also, the Critical Pedagogy Attitude mean among male group is greater than female group. Thus, sex difference could change the way a teacher study their learners’ culture and society with respect to CP. However, preservice teachers’ proficiency level did not affect its relation with CP attitude. Also, it is noticeable to mention that a classroom teacher, in relation with CP, has to be responsible for his subject and knowledge through interaction with learners, so if it is true, improving the proficiency level of preservice teacher will be significant, but the present findings present the opposite claim; that is, preservice teachers or teacher, with respect to Critical Pedagogy, do not need to be so knowledgeable, with respect to English language, to help their students in language processing, for example.

Key words: Critical Pedagogy, Pre-service teacher

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Abstract III

Acknowledgments IV

Dedication V

Table of Contents VI

List of Tables IX

CHAPTER I: Background and Purpose 1

1.0. Overview 2

1.1. Statement of the Problem 7

1.2. Significance of the Study 8

1.3. Purpose of the Study 8

1.4. Research Questions 9

1.5. Research Hypotheses 9

1.6. Definition of Keywords 10

1.7. Limitation and Delimitation of the Study 10

CHAPTER II: Review of the Related Literature 12

2.0. Overview 13

2.1. Critical Pedagogy 13

2.1.1. Pedagogical Approach in Critical Pedagogy 16

2.1.2. Critical Pedagogy and Educational Process 21

2.1.3. Critical Pedagogy and the Teachers’ Role 24

2.1.4. Critical Pedagogy and Teacher Success 27

2.1.5. Curriculum in CP 30

2.2. Pre-service teacher 31

2.2.1. The difficult and stimulating tasks of pre-service teacher training 33

2.2.2. Advancing ELT teachers for future and Critical Pedagogy 35

CHAPTER III: Methodology 41

3.0. Overview 42

3.1. Setting and Participants 42

3.2. Instruments 43

3.2.1. Critical Pedagogy Attitude Questionnaire 43

3.2.2IELTS (International English Language Testing System) 45

3.3. Procedure 45

3.3.1. Data Collection 45

3.3.2. Data Analysis 46

3.4. Ethical Considerations 46

CHAPTER IV: Results and Discussion 48

4.0. Overview 49

4.1. Main Results 49

4.2. Discussion 54

CHAPTER V: Conclusion and Recommendations 57

5.0. Overview 58

5.1. Summary 58

5.2. Brief Overview of the Findings 59

5.3. Theoretical and Pedagogical Implications 60

5.4. Suggestions for Further Research 61

REFERENCES 62

APPENDIXES 74

Appendix A: Critical Pedagogy Attitude Questionnaire 75

Appendix B: The Female Group with IELTS Band Score 6 77

Appendix C: The Female Group with IELTS Band Score 5 79

Appendix D: The Female Group with IELTS Band Score 6 81

Appendix E: The Female Group with IELTS Band Score 5 82

List of Tables

Table 3.1: Participants’ Characteristics 44

Table 3.2: Reliability Coefficient 44

Table 4.1: Stastistical Description Critical Pedagogy Attitude Questionnaire and total Band Scores, 6 and 5, of IELTS proficiency test 49

Table 4.2: One Sample Kolmogorov- Smirnov Test 50

Table 4.3: Group Statistics between IELTS Band Scores 51

Table 4.4: Independent Samples T-Test between Critical Pedagogy Attitude Questionnaire and total Band Scores, 6 and 5, of IELTS proficiency test 51

Table 4.5: Group Statistics between Male Group and Female Group 52

Table 4.6: Independent Samples T-Test between Critical Pedagogy Attitude Questionnaire and Gender Difference 52

Table 4.7: Effect Size 53

Table 5.1: The Brief Overview of All Independent Samples Test 60

CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

CHAPTER I

Introduction

1.1. Overview

Freire (1970) Critical Pedagogy can be analyzed in many fields of study.

In this respect, Critical Pedagogy (CP) announced to be the way to analyze, education including English Language Teaching (ELT), a new dimension, which has the interaction of social and political elements to holds the view which education is not impartial, and it both affects and is affected by the social and political elements (Freire, 1970).

Critical pedagogy tries to face students with more aims of education to make autonomous students; it is stated that learners acquire their own voice to participate critically in their own processing; that is, confident learners are capable of critiquing learning problems and begin to seek even instruction in their classrooms _what will we have to act in a society in the future?(Freire, 1970).

Recently, ELT researchers try to administer the view of CP to study language learning and acquisition; that is, they are looking for utilizing this social and political theory in assisting teaching as a component of education.

Therefore, they are starting to understand the sociopolitical elements with the represent of the critical viewpoint many scholars in ELT industry as uncovering the hidden aim of scholars’ thoughts and ideologies (Freire, 1970).

Critical theory is interested in the concepts of human beings and the relations between them such as cultural, economic, political, and the power to influence people’s behavior or course of events (Freire, 1973).

Through enabling convert of life requirements, a philosopher of critical theory agrees on satisfying free oppressed members of a race religion or culture (Freire, 1973).

Also, according to Freire (1970), utilizing the body of bases belonging to critical subjects is the main source in language teaching and learning.

Thus, Pre-service teacher education may take advantage of Critical Pedagogy to provide professional ELT teachers before the real actual teaching (Schon, 1996).

A main disclosure during such critical education theory can be the practical section of a course of study when the pre-service teachers are trained to face their students’ critical thoughts within multiple school settings (beginning to advanced courses) (Schon, 1996).

According to Schon(1996), the pre-service teachers will be had the chance to improve their skills through classroom curriculum, teaching lessons, and lesson plans to allow Critical Pedagogy is run.

Therefore, this consoled and vital aspect is the main component of any course, such as ELT courses, to be assigned in curriculums.

Also, because of the viewpoint of critical pedagogy, teachers are capable of bearing the task of questioning the inappropriate curriculums to assist their own learners in language processing, for example (Canagarajah, 1999).

According to Hall (1995), socio-historical and political elements are parts of ELT components which are related to the theory of language learning and teaching in social characteristics of learners.

It seems that Critical Pedagogy is able to gain the momentum to come from a huge amount of experiment to create conditions to help learners in recent years. In spite of acquiring multiple researchers in this area from the past and recent years, it seems that a few papers could target the main and vital characters of Critical Pedagogy in ELT.

Thus, the present study tries to bright a major theme in CP including teacher, for example, in CP. However, Okazaki (2005) argued that classrooms are far removed from conditions which deal with historical and social aspects.

Critical theory face the view of a society in which people require to control political, economic, and cultural aspects of

their lives(Kincheloe, 2005).

Critical Pedagogy may be the approach to assist language teachers, for example, to concern the power of learners’ relations with the processed language and their society which they live. Critical Pedagogy (CP) is a start to deal with in a certain way of language teaching and learning.

Kincheloe (2005) believed that converting connections between people or groups of abilities which are depressing leads to depression among the people. CP seeks to give human qualities to learning (Kincheloe, 2005).

Likewise, according to Kincheloe (2005), advocates of critical theory assume that these aims are satisfied only through liberating unsuccessful learners to empower their abilities to change their educational conditions.

The main assumption of Critical Pedagogy is with criticizing the educational context in societies. As Gor (2005) puts it, the main goals of Critical Pedagogy are conscious raising and rejecting any signs of discrimination against people in any field.

Therefore, this theory seeks to help unsuccessful learners, for example, to save them from being objects of acquisition to subjects of their own autonomy in learning.

With this respect, learners are able to change their societies via appropriate education; that is, it is done through problem solving, surveying the problematic subjects in learners’ lives, and developing a critical awareness to assist learners to improve their educational conditions because it is important to take appropriate actions to structure and equitable society (Gor, 2005). Thus, it is crystal clear that Critical Pedagogy face any inappropriate dominations with the goal of assisting unsuccessful people to achieve their demands.

Moreover, “language learning theory, and teaching should focus on larger socio-historical and political forces which reside in the social identities of people who use them” (as cited in Aliakbari1 & Faraji, 2011, p. 78). However, Okazaki (2005) claimed that most teachers ignore historical and social conditions of their classrooms.

According to Okazaki (2005), as a consequence, researchers advocating examining socio-historical and political aspects of language learning (Benesch, 2001; Canagarajah, 1999, 2002; Morgan 1998). They recommended an optional access – critical pedagogy- which some researchers mentioned it.

It may be the main organ of language pedagogy (Aliakbari1 & Faraji, 2011). It is wondered to see that Critical Pedagogy has increased in impetus recently; therefore, some substantiation come from a lot of researches about CP to accept this claim.

Byean (2011) claimed that Critical Pedagogy mainly supports teachers to investigate English language in relation to the historical and cultural issues.

However, English teachers must understand ELT with more judgmental minds; furthermore, Critical Pedagogy may encourage English teachers to obtainthe role of English to clarify how ELT is affected with the procreation of social unfairness in distinctive backgrounds (Byean, 2011).

In fact, critical theory was the point of commencement for Critical Pedagogy (Aliakbari1 & Faraji, 2011).

The main interest of Critical Pedagogy is the act of giving an evaluation of good and bad qualities for schooling in an economic system based on competition between businesses and societies (Aliakbari1 & Faraji, 2011).

Moreover, the main purposes of Critical Pedagogy “are awareness raising and rejection of violation and discrimination against people” (as cited in Aliakbari1 & Faraji, 2011, p. 77).

According to Freire (1973), Critical Pedagogy is similar to critical theory, that is, it seeks to convert depression members of a race religion or culture to maintain them “from being objects of education to the subjects of their own autonomy and emancipation” (as cited in Aliakbari1 & Faraji, 2011, p. 77).

Therefore, language learners can be able to maintain converting their fellowships “through emancipatory education” (as cited in Aliakbari1 & Faraji, 2011, p. 77).

Also, some language teaching researchers believed “through problem posing education and questioning the problematic issues in learners’ lives, students learn to think critically and develop a critical consciousness which help them to improve their life conditions and to take necessary actions to build an equitable society” (Aliakbari1 & Faraji, 2011, p. 77).

Therefore, Critical Pedagogy stimulates any frameworks of dominion, suppression and subjugation with the purpose of decreasing depression.

Kissing-Styles (2003) mentioned that Critical Pedagogy is an instructive reactionto unfairness relations in instructive places where people are confined and treated.

Also, Byean (2011) claimed that Critical Pedagogy mainly supports teachers to investigate English language in relation to the historical and cultural issues.

1.1. Statement of the problem

Nowadays, Iranian people are interested in learning at least one foreign language to maintain their relationships to the world wide village.

Meanwhile, there has been an increasing inclination among language researchers with the involvement of CP all around the world. The outbreak involvements of CP affect all branches of studies in language pedagogy.

Also, “critical perspectives towards ELT industry and the role of English in the world are immersing worldwide” (Pishvaei & Kasaian, 2013, p. 60).

Therefore, ELT researchers should concern about their obligations of distinguishing the issue ofconcealed particular parts or features of EFL equipment, and supplies needed for English learning such as English teachers.

By concerning the vital role of English teachers and the outgrown interest of Iranian people toward English learning in a country with the Islamic regulations and policies, ones can understand the necessity of reliable and valid documents to judge the worth or quality of Iranian ELT characteristics and interests of a critical attitude. The researchers, therefore, took this important issue into concern.

That is, In the light of the attempts to refine structure of books and writings on this particular subject, Critical pedagogy, and the absence and deficiency of a valid and reliable critical pedagogy thought in the context of Iran, this study is an effect to develop and validate a research to influence community’s critical attitude towards the critical ELT.

پایان نامه رشته زبان انگلیسی: A Thesis Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements of the Degree of M.A. in English Literature

این پژوهش ساختار و شکل گیری فردیت اجتماعی را درگلچینی از داستان های کوتاه کرت وانگات بررسی میکند.در این رابطه٬ پژوهش گر بر آن شد تا از تئوری پست مدرن ژان فرانسوا لیوتارد برای بررسی نظام قدرتمند اقتصادی عصر پست مدرن سود جوید. در واقع٬ لیوتارد و دیگر فیلسوفان برجسته مکتب پست مدرن بر این باورند که انسان به شدت تحت تاثیر سلطه نظام سرمایه داری است. در تئوری پست مدرن انسان به عنوان موجودی وابسته٬ متغیر٬ پذیرنده و منفعل تعریف شده است. او یک جزء کوچک در نظام جهانی سرمایه داری است که منافع آن از طریق بهره کشی از انسان ها تامین میشود. پژوهش گر تئوری لیوتارد را بر داستانهای کوتاه تاناسفر٬ مجموعه٬ شهر غنی کوچک فقیر٬ سوقاتی٬ سفر جالی راجرز٬ عروس سفارشی و 2ب ر20ب از مجموعه داستان انفیه دان باگومبو پیاده کرد. همه داستان های کوتاه فضای اجتماعی پس از جنگ جهانی دوم که با شکوفایی اقتصاد سرمایه داری جهانی همراه بود را روایت میکنند. پژوهش گر به این نتیجه دست یافت که در داستان های کوتاه انتخاب شده سرمایه داری فراصنعتی نهادها و ابزارهای اجتماعی مشروعی چون دانش و واقعیت را تولید میکند و با بهره گرفتن از آن ها رفتار هنجاری٬ معیارها و ارزش های رایج را در متن جامعه به اجرا میگذارد. سرمایه داری فعالیت های اجتماعی را با فرایندهای هم جنس سازی و همگانی سازی اداره میکند؛ بنابراین٬ برای مسیردهی به برهم کنش های اجتماعی بازی های زبانی و کلان روایت ها را تولید میکند. علاوه بر آن٬ فردیت اجتماعی محصول نظام قدرت است. خود اجنماعی پست مدرن در ارتباطات شکل میگیرد. او به طرز اجتناب ناپذیری متاثر از شرکت در فعالیت های اجتماعی مشروع است. او ناگزیر از فراگیری گونه های مشروع گفتمان برای ایفای نقش کارآمد است. از این رو در خلال فعالیت های اجتماعی او به طور تدریجی به سمتی که در جهت منافع قدرت است هدایت میشود.

واژگان کلیدی: سرمایه داری٬ قدرت٬ بازی زبانی٬ کلان روایت٬ فردیت اجتماعی٬ قابلیت اجرایی

Table of Contents

Abstract

Dedication

Acknowledgement

Chapter 1: Introduction

1.1. General Background

1.2. The Argument

1.2.1. Research Questions

1.3. Literature Review

1.4. Thesis Outline

1.5. Methodology and Approach

1.6. Motivation and Delimitation

1.7. Definition of Key Terms

Chapter 2: The Postmodern Theory of Jean-François Lyotard

2.1. Jean-François Lyotard

2.2. The Postmodernist Movement

2.3. Early Marxist Activities

2.4. The Pragmatics of Knowledge

2.5. Modern Criteria of Legitimation

2.6. Postmodern Criteria of Legitimation

2.7. The development of Capitalist System

2.8. The Semiotics and the Linguistic Based Culture

2.9. The Postmodern Self (Social Subject)

2.10. The Complementary Approaches of Baudrillard and Foucault

Chapter 3: Language Games

3.1. Studying Capitalism, Power, Language Game and Reality in “Thanasphere”

3.1.1 Synopsis

3.1.2 Commentary

3.2. Studying Capitalism, Reality, Language Game and Power in “Souvenir”

3.2.1 Synopsis

3.2.2 Commentary

3.3. Studying Language Game, Power, Capitalism and Alienation in “The Cruise

of the Jolly Roger”

3.3.1 Synopsis

3.3.2 Commentary

3.4. Studying Capitalism, Disciplinary Power, Language Game and Reality in

“2BR02B”

3.4.1 Synopsis

3.4.2 Commentary

Chapter 4: Grand Narratives

4.1. Studying Grand Narrative, Capitalism and Social Class in “The Package”

4.1.1 Synopsis

4.1.2 Commentary

4.2. Studying Grand Narrative, Capitalism and Performativity in “Poor Little Rich

Town”

4.2.1. Synopsis

4.2.2. Commentary

4.3. Studying Grand Narrative, Capitalism and Commodity in “Custom-Made

Bride”

4.3.1. Synopsis

4.3.2. Commentary

Chapter 5: Conclusion

5.1. Summary

5.2. Findings

5.3. Suggestions for Further Research

Works Cited

Chapter One

Introduction

1.1. General Background

Kurt Vonnegut, Jr. (1922-2007) is renowned as a prominent American novelist and essayist. Vonnegut was one of the celebrated writers of post-World War ΙΙ in American literature. He defined himself as an atheist, agnostic and freethinker. The significant characteristic of his writing career is that for the most part in his works he combined satiric social observation and black comedy; also, he utilized surrealist and imaginary elements.

Several of his novels included science fiction themes. Actually, Vonnegut made use of the elements of science fiction and metafiction to direct the reader’s attention to the more serious issues associated with ethics and politics. His simple writing style is deceptive since it misleads the reader from perceiving the tense and unspeakable agony of the individual’s life in the twentieth century.

As a postmodern writer, in his writing Vonnegut employs some specific features; that is, the disorder in the narrative events and disruption of time or mixing past, present and future, blending of different genres, drawing the pictures, symbols or designs in the text, vicious circles and paranoia. In his works the limerick, humorous and jokes are entangled to narrate the serious facts that are really happened in Vonnegut’s lifetime.

The crucial event in Vonnegut’s life which had a profound influence on him and consequently on his writing career could be the firebombing of Dresden, Germany, by Allied armies in 1945, a horrifying happening he witnessed personally as a young captive of war. His understanding in Dresden laid the grounds for his greatest novel Slaughterhouse-Five published in 1969 as an obvious attack on the terrors of war in Vietnam, racial turmoil and cultural and social cataclysm.

Accordingly, there is linkage between Vonnegut’s life and works. War, genocide, environmental determinism, atomic bomb and technological advancement were all engendered in the postmodern epoch. He disapproved the technological science and the political economy. Common themes in Vonnegut’s works consist of the dehumanization resulted by the improvement of technology, Sexuality, fierceness, hopelessness, bewilderment, alienation, insecurity and depression.

Vonnegut was a humanist. He maintained that in the postmodern era the human being is a hapless, lonely, bewildered

and desperate victim; he is robbed of his identity and integrity to transform to a totally dependent social subject. In an alien world organized by machines, the individual tries to cope with the forces beyond his control. In his novels Vonnegut compassionately praised the characters who refuse to surrender to despair and defeat.

Vonnegut’s remarkable works are Player Piano (1952), Sirens of Titan (1959), Cat’s Cradle (1963), Slaughterhouse-Five (1969), and Breakfast of Champions (1973). Galápagos (1985), Bluebeard (1987), Hocus Pocus (1990) and Timequake (1997). On the Whole, Vonnegut is the author of 14 novels and nearly 50 short stories, in addition to plentiful essays, autobiographical pieces, and plays. A number of his works have been transformed into television or film-as an adaptations- and he caused distinction to some of these with cameo role appearances.

This research is going to concentrate on seven short stories written by Vonnegut in the collection, Bagombo Snuff Box. The researcher chose to work on “Thanasphere”, “The Package”, “Poor Little Rich Town”, “Souvenir”, “The Cruise of the Jolly Roger”, “Custom-Made Bride”, and “2BR02B”. In these short stories the postmodern world after the Second World War- is depicted. The concepts which impact on the constitution and formation of the social subject in the postmodern philosophy of Jean-François Lyotard (1925-98) will be discussed by the researcher.

From the above-mentioned fictions, “Thanasphere” and “2BR02B” narrate the circumstances in advanced societies regulated by the technological knowledge. “Souvenir” and “The Cruise of Jolly Roger” deal with the events of World War ΙΙ straightforwardly. “The Package”, “Poor Little Rich Town” and “Custom-Made Bride” depict the social milieu in the American capitalist system. What inspired the researcher to undertake this study is that the entire short stories illustrate the helpless individuals entangled in the coercive environment caused by global capitalism.

In “Thanasphere”, Vonnegut shatters the borderline between the living and dead. He questions the legitimacy of the scientific knowledge since in the capitalist system this form of knowledge is deemed as ubiquitous and infallible; however, in the story some unexpected events take place that cannot be subsumed within the scientific knowledge. It happens that an astronaut as a player deviates the rules of the dominant language game as he communicates with the ghosts of the dead.

The researcher focuses on the reaction of the characters toward this so called illegitimate move of the astronaut; that the people in authority easily condemn him to be inefficient; therefore, they call him idiot and ignore him. Also, the nature of reality or truth in the postmodern world is going to be analyzed by the researcher since in this story the heads of power hide the new discovery and publicize a make-believe reality in order to maintain their legitimacy.

“2BR02B” narrates the far future where there is a boom in the science of medicine. The population of earth has increased enormously because the technology of health care has improved considerably; so that the dangers threatening physical health and soundness have been eradicated entirely. Government exerts strict control on the population. It even encourages people to die voluntarily and make room for others. Likewise, the nature of power in the postmodern period will be analyzed. The individuals in the story challenge a disciplinary kind of power system which invades the very personal territories of the citizens. It advocates suicide and self-sacrificing as a value practiced by the efficient social subject.

“Souvenir” narrates the bewilderment of language games in the wartime and how by the shift of power the dominant language game of German Nazi loses its legitimacy; hence, the individual experiences the contradicting situation in which the proficiency as a value fluctuates constantly. Duo to the improvement of technology, the production of the military machines brings about mass destruction and annihilation of the human being. The soldiers are the defenseless victims of the absurd war. Vonnegut pinpoints to the irrationality of the war when in the story on the day that the war ended still the soldiers were killed by the military vehicles.

“The Cruise of the Jolly Roger” also deals with the post-war circumstances. In this fiction the researcher foregrounds the disparity between the two dissimilar language games practiced in the army and in the public. It portrays the life of a retired army officer who leaves the army where he reckoned as his home; accordingly, the veteran faces the unknown civilian world where he was far from for many years. Encountering the new civil society, he experiences a deep feeling of estrangement and detachment.

The protagonist desperately identifies himself as an inefficient civilian among others whose language game he is strange to. In many places of this short story, Vonnegut implies the sense of alienation experienced by many veterans of the Second World War. Once being a veteran of the same war, he became familiar with the suffering; consequently, he could vividly narrate the situation of the soldiers who survived the war and came back home as an outsider who had difficulty conforming to the new setting.

The story in “The Package” revolves around the wealthy and extravagant life style of the Americans. After the Second World War America succeeded in achieving the global economic dominance thanks to the technological advancement; therefore, the American society experienced the higher standards of living. It transformed to a rich and consumer society. The amalgamation of the social strata and the mixture of high culture and low culture advocated by the postmodernists facilitated the process.

“The Package” portrays one day in life of a nouveau-rich couple whom tries to fix themselves to their social class. They try to emulate the language game of the affluent class but they cannot perform efficiently; for that reason, they get upset. Vonnegut in this short story indicates the absurd economic-based life in the capitalist society according to which the value of the individual is estimated by the objects and materials that he possesses.

“The Poor Little Rich Town” narrates the traditional life style in a village which is disturbed when the perverted technological progress comes in. Apparently, in this story Vonnegut indirectly alludes to the post-industrial capitalism that swept the world after the Second World War. The global economy subjected the other countries in the world to its homogenizing policy. Likewise, the story contrasts the pre-modern (primitive) and modern culture.

Lyotard and other postmodernist philosophers condemned modernity and lauded the premodern or primitive communities. The researcher studies how in “The Poor Little Rich Town” the arrival of progress degrades the former social bond and the individuals nearly lose their custom and background owning to the fact that they are regarded as no longer legitimated. The new system harms the social relations, warmth and friendship as well; instead, it engenders animosity and distance.

“Custom-Made Bride” deals with the objectification of the human being in the economic-based system of capitalism. The researcher studies one of the grand narratives legitimated by the capitalist system; that is fashion. In the system of production the social subject is personalized to follow the fashion. In such society the individual must be up-to-date; as a consequence, he consumes more and more product.

The story narrates the life of a genius and artist who represents postmodern aesthetic taste. He designs his wife according to the latest fashion but he pays no attention to her feelings and opinions. The woman at last protests to her subjection in view of the fact that her identity is lost; she is degraded to function as a pleasure commodity. The events in the story stand for the condition of the social subject in the capitalist system that is personalized to serve the interests of the market-driven economy.

پایان نامه رشته زبان انگلیسی : تاثیرتدریس راهبردهای روش گروهی استراتژیک خواندن بر توانائی خواندن و درک مطلب زبان آموزان آموزان

مطالعه ی کنونی به بررسی تاثیر آموزش راهبردهای CSR بر روی مهارت خواندن زبان آموزان ایرانی با سطح توانش متوسط از زبان انگلیسی می پردازد. به منظور دستیابی به این هدف و پس از برگزاری آزمون استاندارد PET ،64 زبان آموز دختر با دامنه ی سنی 18- 26 و با سطح دانش همسان برای این تحقیق انتخاب شده در دو گروه آزمایشی و ملاک قرار داده شدند و در مرحله ی بعد کلیه افراد در یک پیش آزمون خواندن جهت سنجش مهارت خواندن شرکت کردند. در طول دوره ی آموزشی که 20 جلسه به طول انجامید مطالب یکسانی تدریس شد. تنها تفاوت در این بود که به زبان آموزان در گروه آزمایشی، راهبردهای CSR مرتبط با مهارت خواندن طبق مدل Klingner, Vaughn, & Schumm, (2001)” ” آموزش داده شد، در حالیکه گروه ملاک برنامه ی آموزشی معمول در آموزشگاه زبان سفیر را دریافت کردند. در پایان دوره ی آموزشی یک پس آزمون خواندن از زبان آموزان در هر دوگروه گرفته شد. تحلیل و بررسی نمرات به دست آمده نشان داد که که از لحاظ آماری گروه آزمایشی نتایج بهتری را کسب نمودند. این بدین معناست که تدریس راهبردهای CSR مفید واقع شده و بهتر است که در برنامه های آموزشی مهارت خواندن گنجانده شود و معلمان نیز آموزش های لازم را جهت استفاده زبان آموزان از این راهبردها را برای آنها فراهم آورند و آنها را پیرامون اهمیت و تاثیر این راهبردها آگاهی دهند. نتیجه ی این تحقیق میتواند برای معلمان زبان انگلیسی در خصوص تدریس راهبردهای CSR در دوره های تدریس مهارت خواندن مفید واقع گردد.

Abstract

The present study is an attempt to investigate the effect of teaching “Collaborative Strategic Reading Approach (CSR)” on the reading comprehension of Iranian intermediate EFL learners. To fulfill this objective, a group of 85 female learners attending English courses at Safir Language School took a sample PET as a proficiency test, 64 of them were selected as homogenous learners and were divided into two groups of experimental and control. In the next step, a piloted pretest of reading was administered in both groups. All classes of the two groups were instructed by the same teacher (the researcher) using the same material. The only difference was that the experimental group received CSR strategy training based on Klingner, Vaughn, & Schumm, (2001) model, while the control group received a common teaching program of Safir Language School which is not concerned with teaching strategies. At the end of the training, a piloted post-test of reading comprehension (was administered to both groups. The analysis of the test scores using t-test revealed that experimental group did statistically better in their post-test, which means that an increase in students’ performance in reading comprehension due to the effect of CSR approach was occurred. The implication is that CSR strategy training can be included in regular English reading courses. This result may help EFL teachers to bear in mind the beneficial of teaching strategies especially when dealing with reading comprehension.

TABLE OF CONTENTS

CHAPTER V: CONCLUSION AND PEDAGOGICAL IMPLICATIONS..109

VII

LIST OF TABLES

Table 4.18: Pearson Correlation PET with Pretest and Post-test of Reading Comprehension…107

VIII

LIST OF FIGURES

CHAPTER I

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE

1.1 Introduction

Reading is an inseparable part of daily life and the most necessary skill for it. It is a process involving the activation of relevant knowledge and related language skills to accomplish an exchange of information from one person to another. It requires the reader to focus his/her attention on the reading materials and integrate previously acquired knowledge and skill to comprehend what someone else has written (Chastain, 1988, p. 216).

Reading is a receptive skill, similar to listening, during which readers decode the message of the writer and try to recreate it anew (Rashtchi & Keyvanfar, 2010, P. 141). In fact, reading can be seen as a dialogue between the reader and the text or between the reader and the author. During this active involvement, the reader tries to either construct their personal interpretation of the text or get at the author’s original intention.

What has to be noted is that in real life, reading does not happen in a vacuum. It is always done within a social context for a specific reason. We might read to get information on how to do something such as reading a manual, or to learn something like studying our course books. We sometimes read in order to socialize with our friends like reading their email or read in order to organize our daily life matters such as finding the shortest route to a certain destination. Many times we find ourselves reading for pleasure such as reading a novel or browsing the internet. In some situations, we may read for a combination of reasons.

Reading comprehension as the “essence of reading” (Durkin, 1993, P. 4) occurs when a mental concept of meaning is created from the written text. To do this, “The reader extracts and integrates various kinds of information from the text and combines it with what is already known” (Koda, 2005, P. 4).

Effective reading is not something that every individual learns to do (Nunan, 1999, P. 249). Learning to reading is difficult especially for those reading in a second or foreign language (Celce-Murcia, 1979). Since reading is one of the most complex cognitive processes, there are a number of skills that contribute to fluent reading comprehension, and it is especially so in the context of L2 reading (Sepp & Morvay, 2010, p. 9). However, the widespread attention to reading predominantly focuses on early reading instruction, such as phonological awareness, decoding, and word

identification instruction (Burns, Griffin, Kuldanek & Snow 1998).

To improve learners’ reading abilities, effective strategies, skills and assistant tools should be carefully considered (Oxford, 1990). The concept of strategy is defined by a number of scholars. Strategies are specific actions, behaviors, steps, or techniques that students (often intentionally) use to improve their progress in developing L2 skills (Oxford, 1990). These strategies can facilitate the internalization, storage, retrieval, or use of the new language. They are tools for the self-directed involvement necessary for developing language skills (Oxford, 1990). Many attempts have been done in order to determine and identify strategies especially influencing in the complex process of reading comprehension. In particular, many researchers have been interested in understanding what good readers typically do or posses while they read (e.g., Block, 1992; Brantmeier, 2002; Burns, Roe, & Ross, 1999; Erten & Topkaya, 2009; Heidari, 2010; Lehr, Osborn, & Hiebert, 2005; Kondo-Brown, 2006).

Interest in reading strategies among ESL/ EFL practitioners to conduct research began in the late 1960s and early 1970s along with various fields such as psycholinguistics, cognitive psychology, and education. Common to most of these streams was a desire to account for differences between “good” and “poor” readers and compare the types of strategies the former group employed which contributed to their successes and distinction.

Singhal (2001) emphasizes the crucial role of reading strategies by stating that, “They are of interest for what they reveal about the way readers manage their interactions with written text, and how these strategies are related to reading comprehension” (p. 78).

Despite using the related strategies in reading, the results of reading from the National Assessment of Educational Progress (NAEP) showed that many students are still not able to read fluently. There are some reasons behind low reading scores such as lack of phonological awareness, phonics-related skills, not being familiar with and using proper reading strategies fully. It seems that these points were overlooked in most approaches related to teaching reading (Standish, 2005).

As mentioned before, reading is a complex process. So, it seems that using one or two strategies alone is not sufficient for being an effective reader therefore, according to Standish (2005), what is needed is a specific approach consisting of the combination of different strategies that improve reading comprehension. This approach is called “Collaborative Strategic Reading (CSR)”.

Collaborative Strategic Reading (CSR) is proposed by three researchers Klingner, Vaughn, and Schumm in 2001. According to Klingner, Vaughn, and Schumm (as cited in Standish, 2005), CSR was designed to address three important issues in reading instruction. The first, was meeting the needs of the increasingly diverse classrooms in the United States, including English-language learners. Second, CSR provided strategy instruction that increased the students’ comprehension of text and their ability to retain and transfer their new knowledge. Third, CSR was designed to facilitate collaborative, peer-mediated instruction among students in the content area classroom.

It is an assembly of strategies that have been proven through research, to be associated with improved outcomes in reading comprehension. CSR integrates word identification, reciprocal reading, and cooperative learning. Collaborative Strategic Reading (CSR) is a set of four strategies which struggling readers can use to decode and comprehend as they read content area text as follows:

Preview: Before reading, students brainstorm prior knowledge and predict what will be learned.

Click and Clunk: Students identify words and word parts that were hard to understand (called “Clunks”). A sequence of “fix-up” is used to decode the “Clunk”. These strategies are: (a) Re-reading the sentence for key ideas; (b) Looking for context clues in the sentences before and after; © Looking for prefixes or suffixes; and (d) Breaking the word apart to find smaller words.

Get the Gist: Students learn to ask themselves: what is the most important person, place, or thing? What is the most important idea about the person, place or thing?

Wrap Up: After reading, students construct their own questions to check for understanding of the passage, answer the questions, and summarize what has been learned.

According to Klingner, Vaughn, and Schumm (as cited in Standish, 2005):

These four strategies are the most effective ones, based on the results of researches that have been conducted over 25 years, with numerous investigators. What we’ve done with collaborative strategic reading is taken these four strategies, organized them in a way that has made sense to teachers and has been something that has been productive for them to use with their students. (p. 39)

It is believed that CSR makes use of social interactions to increase students’ ability. While students read a new text, they are interested in finding out the existing differences between this current knowledge and existing experiences they have already acquired.

In implementing CSR, students work in small, cooperative groups of 4-5 students. They support each other in applying a sequence of reading strategies as they read orally or silently from a shared selection of text.

Drawing attention to such strategies gives the learners clear and concrete routines that help them to move beyond concentrating on decoding processes and/or to facilitate transferring those things while reading for meaning in their first language (L1). Therefore, it seems to be of high value to pay more attention to the way CSR can facilitate and exert influence over the processes of reading comprehension and creating language competence through reading among EFL learners.

Statement of the Problem

In learning a foreign language, reading is an essential skill to acquire knowledge and exchange information (Chien, 2000; Dlugosz, 2000; Salinger, 2003; Huang, 2005). For the past two decades, awareness of the importance of reading has been steadily growing and consequent demands for effective reading instruction have increased (Burns, Griffin, & Snow, 1998; US National Reading Panel, 2000).

Learning to read is difficult, especially for those reading in a second or foreign language (Celce-Murcia, 1979). Effective reading is not something that every individual learns to do (Nunan, 1999, p. 249). To improve learners’ reading abilities, effective strategies and assistant tools should be carefully considered, but the instructors seldom teach learners how to use learning strategies effectively to improve their reading comprehension; consequently, learners cannot master this language skill effectively (Berkowitz 1986; Carnine and Carnine 2004; Chi, 1997; Griffiths, 2008; Rivard and Yore 1992; Tsao, 2004).

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کلیه مطالب این سایت فاقد اعتبار و از رده خارج است. تعطیل کامل

موضوع: "بدون موضوع"

دانلود پایان نامه ارشد رشته زبان انگلیسی : دیدگاه مدرسان و زبانآموزان ایرانی نسبت به کتاب های اینترچنج، انگلیش ریزالت، تاپ ناچ و توتال انگلیش در سطح متوسط

Abstract

Introduction

1.0 Introduction

پایان نامه ارشد: بررسی میزان انطباق واژه های نمایه ای پایان نامه ها و طرح های تحقیقاتی دانشگاه علوم پزشکی

متن کامل پایان نامه مقطع کارشناسی ارشد رشته :زبان انگلیسی

دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی

واحد بین الملل قشم

پایان نامه برای اخذ درجه کارشناسی ارشد (MA.A)

برای رشته آموزش زبان انگلیسی (TEFL)

بررسی اختلاط تعلیم و تربیت انتقادی در میان معلمان قبل از خدمت مرد و زن EFL: ارتباط بین سطح مهارت ها و نگرش نسبت به تعلیم و تربیت انتقادی

استاد راهنما :

جناب آقای دکتر کربلایی

تابستان 1393

پایان نامه رشته زبان انگلیسی: A Thesis Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements of the Degree of M.A. in English Literature

پایان نامه رشته زبان انگلیسی : تاثیرتدریس راهبردهای روش گروهی استراتژیک خواندن بر توانائی خواندن و درک مطلب زبان آموزان آموزان

کلیه مطالب این سایت فاقد اعتبار و از رده خارج است. تعطیل کامل

موضوع: "بدون موضوع"

دانلود پایان نامه ارشد رشته زبان انگلیسی : دیدگاه مدرسان و زبان­­آموزان ایرانی نسبت به کتاب های اینترچنج، انگلیش ریزالت، تاپ ناچ و توتال انگلیش در سطح متوسط

Abstract

Introduction

1.0 Introduction

پایان نامه ارشد: بررسی میزان انطباق واژه های نمایه ای پایان نامه ها و طرح های تحقیقاتی دانشگاه علوم پزشکی

متن کامل پایان نامه مقطع کارشناسی ارشد رشته :زبان انگلیسی

دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی

واحد بین الملل قشم

پایان نامه برای اخذ درجه کارشناسی ارشد (MA.A)

برای رشته آموزش زبان انگلیسی (TEFL)

بررسی اختلاط تعلیم و تربیت انتقادی در میان معلمان قبل از خدمت مرد و زن EFL: ارتباط بین سطح مهارت ها و نگرش نسبت به تعلیم و تربیت انتقادی

استاد راهنما :

جناب آقای دکتر کربلایی

تابستان 1393

پایان نامه رشته زبان انگلیسی: A Thesis Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements of the Degree of M.A. in English Literature

پایان نامه رشته زبان انگلیسی : تاثیرتدریس راهبردهای روش گروهی استراتژیک خواندن بر توانائی خواندن و درک مطلب زبان آموزان آموزان

دانلود پایان نامه ارشد رشته زبان انگلیسی : دیدگاه مدرسان و زبانآموزان ایرانی نسبت به کتاب های اینترچنج، انگلیش ریزالت، تاپ ناچ و توتال انگلیش در سطح متوسط